Learning Theories Styles free essay sample

Examines learning theories (behaviorism, cognition), styles (divergers, convergers) modes (experience, reflection), related to motor skills acquisition. There are four primary motor skill components. These components are accuracy, speed, economy of effort, and flexibility (Lee, 1988, pp. 201-215). Initially, accuracy is attained only at the expense of the other motor skill components. Flexibility is the last of the motor skill components typically acquired. Flexibility is acquired through the alteration of a newly acquired function with others already well established, and through the integration of features learned in previous stages (Christina Bjork, 1991, pp. 23-56). Each of the four components of motor skill are essential to the automatization

Free Essays on Surrogate Mothers

Surrogate Mothers According to Elaine Landau in the book â€Å" Surrogate Mothers† â€Å"A Surrogate mother is a woman who conceives, carries, and gives birth to a baby for another person.† (Landau 9). 750 babies have been born through surrogacy at the center for surrogate mothers (â€Å"Frequently asked questions† 1). Many people do not know a lot about surrogate motherhood, so hey are afraid of it. Many women are insecure and they fear titles on the National Inquirer such as â€Å" Father falls in love with surrogate mother!† (Frank 140). Although many women fear the idea of surrogacy, more woman are contemplating the issue because of the increased knowledge of the process and the additional support given during the process of being a surrogate mother. The increased knowledge of the process sometimes does not put women who know about the â€Å"Baby M† case minds’ at ease. Basically, an infertile couple, the Sterns, went to a lawyer and said they would like to have a baby through a Surrogate mother. The lawyer located a lady who wanted to be a surrogate mother, Mary-Beth Whitehead. The Sterns, Mar-Beth Whitehead, and her husband, Richard Whitehead, met for lunch and a contract was drawn up. Mary-Beth Whitehead after many tries finally conceived and carried the baby. Over the time of her pregnancy, she felt like the Sterns were truing to control her life because of the fact that the Sterns would tell her what they thought was best for her during the pregnancy. Nine months later a baby girl was born and it was then that the Whiteheads realized they made a huge mistake. Mr. And Mrs. Whitehead told the Sterns they did not want to give up the baby and they were going to keep her. The Sterns did not like that and took the W hiteheads to court. After many emotional months of court trials and tribulations â€Å"Baby M† was awarded to the Sterns and all of Mrs. Whiteheads parental rights were taken away. Mrs. Whitehead later appealed the low... Free Essays on Surrogate Mothers Free Essays on Surrogate Mothers Surrogate Mothers According to Elaine Landau in the book â€Å" Surrogate Mothers† â€Å"A Surrogate mother is a woman who conceives, carries, and gives birth to a baby for another person.† (Landau 9). 750 babies have been born through surrogacy at the center for surrogate mothers (â€Å"Frequently asked questions† 1). Many people do not know a lot about surrogate motherhood, so hey are afraid of it. Many women are insecure and they fear titles on the National Inquirer such as â€Å" Father falls in love with surrogate mother!† (Frank 140). Although many women fear the idea of surrogacy, more woman are contemplating the issue because of the increased knowledge of the process and the additional support given during the process of being a surrogate mother. The increased knowledge of the process sometimes does not put women who know about the â€Å"Baby M† case minds’ at ease. Basically, an infertile couple, the Sterns, went to a lawyer and said they would like to have a baby through a Surrogate mother. The lawyer located a lady who wanted to be a surrogate mother, Mary-Beth Whitehead. The Sterns, Mar-Beth Whitehead, and her husband, Richard Whitehead, met for lunch and a contract was drawn up. Mary-Beth Whitehead after many tries finally conceived and carried the baby. Over the time of her pregnancy, she felt like the Sterns were truing to control her life because of the fact that the Sterns would tell her what they thought was best for her during the pregnancy. Nine months later a baby girl was born and it was then that the Whiteheads realized they made a huge mistake. Mr. And Mrs. Whitehead told the Sterns they did not want to give up the baby and they were going to keep her. The Sterns did not like that and took the W hiteheads to court. After many emotional months of court trials and tribulations â€Å"Baby M† was awarded to the Sterns and all of Mrs. Whiteheads parental rights were taken away. Mrs. Whitehead later appealed the low...

Educational Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Psychology - Essay Example Probing students for answers is a crucial process that enhances the learners’ cognitive skills. It helps them to think, memorise, perceive, make decisions and solve problems. Their social skills are also enhanced when they are given a chance to explain and justify their viewpoints in front of the class. Surprisingly, numerous research studies show that some teachers have not fully understand the essence of class participation and the significance of keeping students alert all the time during class sessions. It is unfortunate to find out that there are cases when students turn off and resort to sleeping after the teacher comes to class. Even worse is the fact that some teachers do little to rejuvenate these students. Some would even ridicule the sleeping students and make fun of the situation. In the end, the students’ achievement level drastically falls. Learning, therefore, becomes inadequate. The prime aim of learning should be to equip students with knowledge and skills that can positively influence their behavior. Without this change, learning is of no use. Eventually, in such classes, some few students who are ever attentive will gain while those who switch off will continue recording low scores. Paddlepop Stick Method and Popsicle Stick Method of learning are strategies that have been used by the ‘concerned’ teacher to ensure that all students are active in class. These learning strategies will actuate a learning environment where every learner actively participates in all the classes daily. This method involves inscribing of the learners’ names in popsicles sticks. These sticks are then given to the students to hold during class sessions. The teacher the initiates the lesson and when they have a question to answer, the names written on the sticks are read out. If a student’s name is mentioned, they will be the one to respond to the question. This is unlike the

Why can recounting past experiences be important in helping services Assignment

Why can recounting past experiences be important in helping services users have a sense of who they are Should care workers always encourage people to recall their pasts - Assignment Example 23-24). Some of these service users have undergone traumatic experiences or bad experiences that are either forgotten, repressed or others that happened when the service users were too young. The pertinent question then is, should remembrance of the past be used as an integral part of the reconstruction of the self identity of service users? As noted in the introduction, service users may have an abnormal or maladaptive self-identity. In the development of an individual, some steps are necessary and if developmental tasks are not successfully met, an individual may present immediate problems or have problems later in life (Berger, 2008, p. 34). This is supported by the psychodynamic theories of psychology i.e. Freud’s psychosexual approach and Erikson’s psychosocial approach. Freud’s theory is centered on sexual maturity and only focuses on the years before sexual maturity and how not accomplishing the tasks of a certain stage might later affect the development of an individual in a detrimental way. Erikson’s theory on the other hand is more expansive; covering the entire lifespan of an individual and is based on achievement of certain social tasks (Frager and Fadiman, 2005, p.49). The implication of not meeting some of the goals that one is supposed to meet in the developmental stages is dysfunction coupled with problems with one’s self identity. For instance, a child’s separation from the primary care-givers (mother and father) at the age of 0-2years can lead to general mistrust of the world around them (Aronson, Wilson and Arket, 2007, p. 56). Teenagers who do not have the proper support system are likely to develop an identity crisis; a false sense of self or a loss of perspective as regarding their abilities and the situation that they are in (Santrock, 2009, p. 50). Later stages of development like young adulthood and middle adulthood also present issues that might occur in

Essay Topic Needed Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topic Needed - Essay Example Due to this The Protestant-Calvinist Church tried to separate their selves from the Catholicism. The adaptation of Blacks and Indians was very slow in process by the whole nation. Racism began to construct on the basis of religion and color of the people. Blacks and Indians were treated as slaves and soulless. The economy of slavery in South forced a system based on racialism which developed the biological, zoological and botanical theories, which explained the human difference &slavery justification. (DISMANTLING RACISM: A Resource Book). From my personal point of view, Racism and slavery in south has always been a major issue of human rights. Slaves and Blacks being treated as lesser beings is what led to society with a born mindset against slaves and Blacks. Historically, sociology in context with the race has failed to observe the construction of both sides of America black/white, in terms of radical inequality. The real situation of America’s society is defined by both ‘race’ and ‘whiteness’. It was observed by Blumer that the Americans race system emerged from the intersection into three events occurred in the history of America. That was the conquest of the Indians, the forced importation of Africans, and more or less solicited coming of Europeans, Asians, and Latinos. Race was created in America during the time of 16th and 17th century. As per norms and values the trend was that the Catholics preferred to marry Catholics, the wealthy people preferred to marry wealthy, white preferred white and black preferred black. So, the norms of endogamy became the major issue in the ‘races’ of America. In 1967, van den Berghe observed that â€Å"sociologist might regard racial distinction as a spe cial case of invidious status differentiation†. Blumer also pointed the distinction of statuses among the American people. The American ‘race’ relations represent the historical activities of humanity

Interrupts In Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

Interrupts In Operating Systems Computer Science Essay To successfully control several processes the core of operating system makes utilize of what is known as interrupt. Interrupt is a machine used for implementing the multitasking concept. It is a signal from hardware or software to point out the incidence of the event. When one or more process running and at similar time if user give an additional process then interrupt is take place. If the CPU does not poll the control bit, but instead receives an interrupt when the device is ready for the next byte, the data transfer is said to be interrupt driven. A hardware interrupt occurs, when an I/O operation is done such as analysis some data into the computer from a tape drive. In additional term hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they need awareness from the operating system. Some familiar examples are a hard disk signaling that is has read a sequence of data blocks, or that a network device has processed a buffer containing network packets. Interrupts are also worn for asynchronous events, such as the appearance of new data from an exterior network. Hardware interrupts are delivered straight to the CPU via a little network of interrupt administration and routing devices. Hardware interrupts are referenced by an interrupt numeral. These statistics are mapped back to the section of hardware that produced the interrupt. This enables the system to monitor which device formed the interrupt and when it occurred. In most computer systems, interrupts are handled as speedily as possible. When an interrupt is acknowledged, any recent action is blocked and an interrupt handler is executed. The handler will anticipate any supplementary running programs and system actions, which can time-consuming the entire system down, and generate latencies. MRG Real-time modifies the way interrupts are handled in array to progress performance, and reduce latency. Software interrupts A software interrupt occurs when an application program terminates or needs definite services from the operating system. Software interrupt generated contained by a processor by executing an instruction. Software interrupt are frequently used to implemented system calls because they implemented a subroutine call with a CPU ring stage modify. Timed interrupts The timed interrupt is worn when a convinced event MUST happen at a specified frequency. Interrupt vector   An  interrupt vector  is the  memory address  of an  interrupt handler, or directory into a group called an  interrupt vector table  or  dispatch table. Interrupt vector tables include the memory addresses of interrupt handlers. When an interrupt  is generated, the processor saves its completing state through a  context switch, and begins effecting of the interrupt handler at the interrupt vector. Answer 2 Microkernel A Microkernel tries to run the majority services like networking, file system, etc. All thats left to do for the kernel are essential services, like memory allocation, scheduling, and messaging (Inter Process Communication). IPC Hardware Server S/W Kernel In theory, this model makes the kernel additional receptive (since a large amount of functionality resides in traceable user-space threads and processes, removing the require for context-switching into the kernel proper), and improves the constancy of the kernel by reducing the quantity of code running in kernel space. There are also supplementary benefits for OS that carry multi-CPU computers (much simpler reentrancy security and better correctness for asynchronous functionality) and distributed OS (code can use services without knowing if the service contributor is running on the similar computer or not). A disadvantage is the sum of messaging and Context Switching concerned, which makes microkernels conceptually slower than monolithic kernel. Modular Kernel A modular kernel is an effort to combine the excellent points of kernel-level drivers and moderator drivers. In a modular kernel, a few part of the system core will be situated in autonomous files called modules that can be additional to the system at run time. Depending on the substance of those modules, the aim can differ such as: just loading drivers if a device is in fact establish only load a file system if it gets really requested, just load the code for a precise scheduling, security or any policy when it should be evaluated. Modular and layered kernel compare and contrast The modular kernel approach requires subsystems to interrelate with each other through suspiciously constructed interfaces that are naturally narrow (in conditions of the functionality that is showing to external modules). The layered kernel moves toward is similar in that admiration. However, the layered kernel imposes a firm ordering of subsystems such that subsystems at the subordinate layers are not allowed to appeal to operations parallel to the upper-layer subsystems. There are no such limitations in the modular-kernel approach, wherein modules are open to invoke each other not including any constraints. Answer 3 What is a context switch? Context switching occurs when single  process  provisionally discontinues execution and an additional  process  resumes execution in its position. Context switching is performed by the  scheduler. To give each process on a multi-programmed machine a light contribute to of the CPU, hardware clock generates interrupts every so often. This allows the operating system to program every process in core memory (via scheduling algorithm) to run on the CPU at the same intervals. Every time a clock interrupt occurs, the interrupt handler checks how much time the recent running process has used. If it has used up its total time segment, then the CPU scheduling algorithm (in kernel) picks a dissimilar process to run. Each switch of the CPU from one process to a new is called a context switch. What actions are taken by a kernel to context switch? Actions are taken by a kernel to context switch surrounded by threads. The threads contribute to a lot of resources with more peer threads belonging to the equal process. So a context switch along with threads for the similar process is effortless. It involves switch of register position, the program counter along with the stack. It is comparatively easy for the kernel to achieve this task. Actions are taken by a kernel to context switch among Processes. Context switches among processes are exclusive. Ahead of a process can be switched its PCB (process control block) should be saved by the operating system. The PCB consists of the subsequent information: The process state, the program counter, the principles of the different registers, The CPU scheduling information for the process, Memory organization information concerning the process, Possible accounting information for this process, I/O status information of the process. When the PCB of the presently executing process is saved the operating system loads the PCB of the subsequently process that has to be performing on CPU. This is an important job and it takes a lot of time. Answer 4 System calls System calls are functions that a programmer can call to perform the services of the operating system. Processes that run in user mode and how processes and libraries can cause execution in kernel mode. The interface between these two modes is provided by  system calls. These are function calls that cause requests to be made to the kernel and the kernel to execute on behalf of those requests. Commands   UNIX System Calls   Libraries   File Formats   Games   Device Drivers   System Maintenance   System calls implemented by an operating system User cannot execute privileged instructions. Users must ask OS to execute them system calls. System calls are often implemented using traps. OS gains control through trap, switches to supervisor model, performs service, switches back to client mode, and gives control back to client. Dual mode The dual mode operation provides us with the resources for protecting the operating system from erroneous users. User mode and monitor mode are the two modes. Monitor mode is also called superintendent mode, system mode or privileged mode. Mode bit is attached to the hardware of the computer to point toward the present mode. In argument 0 mode bit is for monitor mode and 1 mode bit is for user mode. Application programming interface An application program interface is the precise technique set by a computer  operating system  or by an  application program  by which a programmer scripting an application program can create requirements of the operating system or a different application. An application program interface can be contrasted with a  graphical user interface  or a  command interface (both of which are direct  user interface) as interfaces to an operating system or a program. For example: Network application programming interface (API) The services that provide the interface between application and protocol software. Application Network API Protocol A Protocol B Protocol C Different methods of passing data to the operating system In a computer system having variety of memory address spaces, such as user space and kernel space, a technique and system is provided for communicating data. A data structure is distinct in the kernel space to stock up data. The data structure is nearly mapped to an application in user space such that the application can contact the data structure via virtual memory addresses. By directly accessing the data structure, data transfers between the address spaces using system calls and interrupts can be reduced. Answer 5 What is Process Scheduling? Process scheduling is a method that is used when there are limited assets and many processes are competing for them; Multiprogramming tries to make sure that there is a number of process running at all times. This is completed to utilize the CPU as much as possible. In timesharing system, the CPU switches so regularly between jobs grey_loader that the user does not experience that the machine is being mutual by many processes or even several users. What are the differences between short-term, medium-term, and long-term scheduling? Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process. Medium term scheduling is division of the exchange utility. This relate to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are prepared to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria. Short term scheduler, also known as a dispatcher executes most regularly, and makes the finest-grained conclusion of which process should execute subsequently. This scheduler is invoked whenever an occasion occurs. It may direct to interruption of one process by pre-emption. Process state The state of process is distinct in fraction by the present activity of the process. Each process may be in one of the following states: New Running Waiting Ready Terminated These state names are random, and they differ across operating systems. The states that they correspond to are establishing on all operating systems, however. Certain operating systems more finely describe process states. Only one process can be running on any processor at any immediate, although numerous processes may be ready and waiting.

Alcohol Abuse in Russia

Joe Bloe Professor I. B Smart BS 131 December XX, 2008 Alcohol Abuse in Russia Family Issues Russians drink more alcohol than any other nation in the world. (Halpin, 2007, p1) The Times of London reports that Russians are currently going on an alcoholic binge even by Russian standards. According to the country’s chief public health officer, Gennadi Onishenko, Russians are drinking nearly three times as much as they did sixteen years ago. Onishenko’s study was promulgated by the Russian equivalent of the consumer protection agency and it reported that at least 2. million people in Russia were alcoholics. The average Russian consumed 15 litres (26 pints) of pure alcohol per annum, up from 5. 4 litres in 1990, and this phenomena is blamed for a rising rate of mortality among men. This compares to 8. 4 litres for people in the United States and 7. 6 litres in Japan. (Halpin, 2007 p 1) Violent crime and alcohol consumption have increased throughout the Russian federation sin ce the fall of the Soviet Union. This has shown harmful consequences for families and communities, as heavy alcohol drinking is closely associated with violent behavior in Russia.The correlation between heavy drinking and violence is a complicated mixture of physiological, psychological, situational, social and cultural elements. Whenever measures to control alcohol production and consumption have been introduced, reduced violence has occurred in Russia and elsewhere. (WHO, 2006) Violence is a family’s worst enemy and may include physical and sexual assaults, mental or emotional abuse and neglect. It may also be categorized into interpersonal violence, child maltreatment or neglect, intimate partner violence within a relationship, sexual violence, abuse of the elderly or self-directed violence including suicide. WHO, 2006) There is ample evidence to support the relationship between heavy drinking and violence. In Russia, alcohol has been involved in three-quarters of homicide arrests. Families often bear the brunt of the violence that emanates from heavy drinking. In the Central Black-Earth Region of Russia, a study showed that 77% of violent crimes against family members involved drinking with 35% of these drinkers bingeing every day. Among male perpetrators of spousal homicide, 60–75% of offenders had been drinking before the incident. (WHO, 2006)Alcohol abuse affects physical and cognitive functioning resulting in reduced self-control and the ability to process incoming information. This makes drinkers more apt to resort to violence to resolve conflicts. (Rand Corp. , 2002) Heavy drinking can impair parents’ responsibilities toward themselves and their children. Drinking also reduces the amount of time and money spent on their children, often neglecting the children’s basic needs. Alcohol abuse by either the parent or the child increases the child’s vulnerability to sexual abuse.Sometimes children are made to drink alcohol to facilitate sexual acts or involve them in child pornography. (WHO, 2006) Alcohol abuse during pregnancy can result in children being born with fetal alcohol syndrome as well as health issues for the mother. Excessive drinking in a relationship can create problems with finances, childcare, infidelity or other stressors leading to potentially violent situations. (WHO, 2006) Health Issues Russians are suffering from a problem with demographic retention and a declining population base.Alcoholism is a leading cause in rising Russian mortality rates, particularly among males. Alcohol contributes to premature deaths involving accidents, injuries and violence particularly among males. Male mortality rates fell sharply during Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign of 1984 to 1987. This effort reduced state alcohol production, raised prices for liquor, mandated alcoholic treatments where needed and cracked down on homemade liquor. The program was highly unpopular and abandoned, after wh ich both consumption of alcohol and mortality rates for males increased dramatically once again. Rand Corp. , 2002) Russia’s population has dropped from 145 million in 2002 to 140,702,000 in July of 2008. The birth rate is slightly higher at 11. 3 births per 1,000; up from 9. 1 per 1,00 in 2002. Male life expectancy is only 59 years and for females it is 73 years. (Fitzgerald, 2003, CIA 2008) Statistics for children are not encouraging. In 2003, the number of healthy children in Russia dropped from 45. 5 percent to 33. 9 percent over ten years, and the number of disabled children doubled, according to the epidemiology section of the Health Ministry.According to information gathered form the 2002 census, one third of Russian children are born out of wedlock. (Fitzgerald, 2003) The Russian Ministry of Health did not blame alcoholic parents for substandard health environments or the usual culprits of drug abuse, or smoking and eating junk food but blamed an increase in the schoo l workload and less time for outdoor exercise. The Ministry claimed that an incredible 75% of children were said to have hypertension and related problems in the 2003 analysis of Russian health. (Fitzgerald, 2003)Beer is regarded in many areas as if it were soda pop. Children as young as 13 routinely drink beer in public in some areas and the national legal drinking age is currently 18 years. Vodka has traditionally been available nearly everywhere to nearly everybody in Russia and children have no problem finding it. As in America and elsewhere, heavy alcohol consumption in Russia impedes a family’s well being in a host of problematic ways. And Russians drink more alcohol per capita than any other national population in the world. (Halpin, 2007)Gorbachev’s attempt to limit alcohol abuse In 1985 President Gorbachev, who was then president of the USSR, began a campaign to limit alcohol abuse by raising the legal drinking age to 21 years and imposing tough legal sanction s on home production of alcohol. (Today, the drinking age is 18 years. ) During the period of 1984 through 1987 when the campaign was running, state sales of alcohol decreased by 61%. Statistically speaking, the effort was successful in that total violent deaths dropped 33% and alcohol-related violent deaths dropped by 51%.The program was not popular with the public, however, and was abandoned in 1987. By 1992, market reforms for alcohol were instituted that liberalized trade and dropped prices and the rates of violent deaths increased substantially. (WHO, 2006) These rising figures are subject to interpretation because this was the era of perestroika in Russia and increases in violent deaths cannot be solely attributed to increases in alcohol availability and consumption. The temporal correlations between the crackdown on alcohol and the drops in violence indicate that they are interconnected.Perestroika and glasnost were introduced to Russian society in response to President Gorba chev’s initiatives toward political reform and moral recovery. A cornerstone of his plan was a reduction in drinking which he saw not only as a health problem but a cause of economic inefficiency. (McKee, 1999) He adopted a heavy-handed approach to limiting alcohol production, distribution and use. All state agencies were ordered to develop departmental strategies to cut down alcohol consumption. Alcohol was banned at official functions and party officials who drank heavily were dismissed from their jobs.Liquor outlets were dramatically reduced and the media changed its attitude to one of intolerance for alcohol and organizations like the All-Union Voluntary Society for the Struggle for Sobriety sprang up. This association claimed 12 million members one year after organizing. (McKee, 1999) Within a few years, as the Soviet Union was collapsing, the campaign faltered and was eventually replaced by a rapid rise in consumption, driven by widespread illicit production of homemade alcohol on a massive, national scale. Economic IssuesRussia's stock markets have lost about 70 percent of their value since peaks in May, and workers have been hard hit by lay-offs and wage arrears. The tepid global economy has left Russians hurting and they, like most of the world, have had to cut back on expenses. The result is less state-sanctioned vodka being sold and an increase in homemade spirits. Research by the National Alcohol Association showed that deaths from alcohol poisoning increased to 1,458 in September, presumably the result of Russians drinking dangerous substitutes for vodka as a cheaper way to get drunk. (Shuster, 2008)During Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign, the production of samogon (homemade spirits) had become a large-scale industry that provided cheap alcohol to Russians while depriving the state of tax revenue. When restrictions were eased in 1988, alcohol consumption quickly exceeded the pre-1985 level. A Russian study done in 1995 revealed that regular drunkenness affected between 25 and 65 percent of blue-collar workers and 21 percent of white-collar workers, particularly in rural areas. (Coutsoukis, 2005) Unemployed workers are particularly vulnerable to alcohol abuse problems.Being available in most places, day or night and being historically cheap people without occupations tend to drink more often and heavier. When vodka is unavailable or too expensive, they will often resort to dangerous substitutes. In 1994, the number of people who died of alcohol poisoning rose to about 53,000, a major increase from 36,000 in 1991. These are typically the result of drinking homemade alcohol substitutes. Bootlegging had become a widespread criminal activity by the mid 1990s. (Coutsoukis, 2005) Legal vodka is big business in Russia.The word â€Å"vodka† means â€Å"little water† in Russian, a term of endearment. (Tartakovsky, 2006) The brand â€Å"Stolichnaya† sells $2 billion a year worldwide and was privatize d in 1992. Soyuzplodimport, or SPI, has the exclusive rights to export Stolichnaya, which vodka lovers in the U. S. fondly refer to as â€Å"Stoli. † Some 50% of the company's export turnover comes from the United States, thanks mostly to its strategic alliance with Allied-Domecq for U. S. distribution rights. (Shuster, 2008) Alcohol and workers The Russian workplace has always been a place where vodka contributed to the socializing rituals.Before the Bolshevik Revolution the Russian tradition of prival'naia, a welcoming ceremony for new workers that included snacks and vodka. It was a socializing event where the new workers would become acquainted with their fellow workers. The new workers were expected to provide the snacks and vodka for the veterans in exchange for training in the new job. (Andreasen, 2006) The Revolution changed the way workers were hired. Prior to this era, workers were usually hired on the recommendation of an acquaintance and the ceremony of prival'nai a was part of the payback for getting the job.With the implementation of the communist trade unions, the hiring became an impersonal process and there was no payback necessary and it eliminated the worker’s obligation to train new employees. These changes brought about the practical end to prival'naia, although some workers and organizations still clung to the old tradition where they could get away with it. (Andreasen, 2006) Russian worker culture has always included vodka. The working class sees vodka as an essential element for surviving their brutal winters and poor economy.It is an escape that causes apathy among the work force and contributes to poor health and accidents that make Russia’s work force less productive and more costly. Productivity in Russia has always been known to suffer because of heavy drinking. That belief is one of the motivators behind Gorbachev’s plan to reduce drinking in the 1980s. It is difficult to gauge the true impact of worker drinking and productivity because the Russian economy is still in a state of flux as it transfers from a state-controlled, centralized economy to free-markets. It is inappropriate to make comparisons about worker utput and drinking since the two economies measure productivity in myriad different ways. (Kryzanek, 2004) Many Soviet patriots and party leaders recognized the need to curb alcohol to increase worker productivity.Pokhlebkin was one of these patriotic historians who published his extensive research in a book called â€Å"A History of Vodka† he included a chapter depicting what he determined to be Russia’s descent into rampant alcoholism. Drunkenness, he asserted, is incompatible with socialist principles in that it undermines worker morale and curtails industrial productivity. Tartakovsky, 2006) Russian workers have become complacent after seventy years of communism. Entire generations have grown up shirking work because private initiatives were always discour aged and sometimes even dangerous. Wage inversion led to high pay for lowliest work while job dissatisfaction created moonlighting and demoralized workers moved from job to job. Alcohol has always exacerbated this complacency and lack of motivation. (Kryzanek, 2004) Heavy drinking has a deeply rooted history in Russian culture and life.The problem seems so ingrained in their society that it would be impossible to completely eliminate drinking from the society. This heavy drinking behavior is exhibited in other northern cultures like the Finish or Polish societies without such devastating consequences. In Russia, however, there is historical evidence to suggest that the country’s governments from the Czars to the Soviets have helped to create this culture. (McKee, 1999) There are also several sub-cultures of the drinking population in Russia because of geographic, gender and socio-economic variations, making it difficult to generalize the problem.There are even some people amo ng these groups who actually abstain or drink in moderation. The state itself has contributed to the drinking problem throughout the country’s history by producing and distributing cheap vodka in the name of tradition and profit. It should be feasible for the government to take some kind of proactive measures to stop its population from killing themselves with even-more toxic substitutes for a toxic product. Apparently, it will take many generations of sober Russians to change the high-profile role alcohol plays in so many national traditions.The Russian people have gone through many changes throughout the ages. Hopefully, their resilience will help them change their love of vodka and allow them to become socially conscious drinkers. That’s a tradition easily passed on.

Insect Repellant

Introduction A. Background of the Study For us, a house is a place of residence. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest, store personal property, and prepare food. In able for the house to fulfill its function, we need to eliminate some factors that disturb us in doing these things. One example is the insect. One of the easiest ways to prevent insects is to use insect repellant. This is the reason why I decide to make a liquid insect repellant for my Science Investigatory Project. There are many commercially available liquid insect repellant in the market.The commonly used commercial liquid insect repellant in the Philippines is quite unaffordable and use chemical that may cause irritation. I plan to use natural ingredients in my Science Investigatory Project. Since the ingredient to be used is natural, the liquid insect repellant to be made is more affordable and environment friendly. B. Statement of the Problem Is it possible to make an effective liquid r epellant out of cacao leaves, garlic, vegetable oil, and eucalyptus oil? If it is possible, how is the price and effectiveness of it comparing to the commercially available one? C. Significance of the StudyThe study is significant to the people who want to protect their house and their love ones against insects specially those who cannot afford the commercially available insect repellant which uses chemicals. Chapter II : Review of Related Literature Chemical Repellants It is no wonder that, considering all of the above mentioned diseases, humans have worked for decades searching for a way to repel these insects. In 1946, a chemical called DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) was developed by the US Army and released for civilian use in 1957. DEET confuses the receptors of most biting insects, rendering them virtually ‘blind’ and thus much†¦

History of Benjamin Banneker High School Essays (1608 words)

History of Benjamin Banneker High School Essays (1608 words) Howard University College of Dentistry Dental Hygiene Department School Based Program Benjamin Banneker Academic High School Nicole Johnson 82409-406-01/Dental Health Education Methods Professor Dawn Smith 09/06/2015 School Based Program History of Benjamin Banneker High School Originally, Benjamin Banneker, in August 1981, opened its doors as an alternative public institution of secondary education. Named after the districts' renowned surveyor on the six-man team, which helped design, the blueprints for Washington, DC. President Washington appointed Banneker, making him the first Black presidential appointee in the United States. Banneker provided aid in selecting the sites for the U.S. Capitol building, the U.S. Treasury building, the White House and other Federal buildings. Banneker is ranked number 2 with the districts' public school system. The school is designed to provide students with a highly structured college preparatory program. The curriculum of the school affords opportunities for developing knowledge, skills needed for success in post-secondary experiences. Population and Demographics 1143008159750The primary purpose of Benjamin Banneker Academic High School is to serve those students of the District of Columbia who desire a highly structured four-year academic program of study beginning at the ninth grade level. The demographics of Benjamin Banneker are diverse in nature; a large percentage of the student population is labeled as black with a total number of students estimated at 450. 9th Grade 10th Grade 11th Grade 12th Grade 142 88 97 103 Student Selection The selection of each students focuses on factors such as; total record of academic achievement; grade level achievement reflected by standardized test scores; strong recommendations from the principal and supporting teachers and staff; and a student and parent interview. Experiences gained through this enrollment process will allow students to participate in a rigorous college preparatory curriculum. Once the selection committee has proposed a list of accepted students, the students must undergo placement testing. They must also attend the Benjamin Banneker Summer Institute prior to entering the academic school year. Curriculum The Benjamin Banneker Academic High School is one of the District's International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program sites and offers Pre-IB, Advanced Placement (AP) and its own summer institute as additional rigorous academic options. Students are supported by a variety of character building extracurricular activities. The intended curriculum is a college preparatory program, which includes the Advanced Placement (AP) and honors courses, that require twenty-six (26) Carnegie units for graduation and the International Baccalaureate Program (IB) requires twenty-eight and a half (28.5). Each student is also required to complete a minimum of 270 hours of volunteer service over a four-year period. In addition to high-level coursework in the core subject areas, the curriculum includes a unique philosophy course called Theory of Knowledge, a research project called the Extended Essay, and requirements in the areas of creativity, action and service. Health Care Curriculum The office of the State Superintendent of Education (OOSE) has mandated that each school have a health profile form that states the details of their wellness and fitness program. Banneker has one full time nurse, part time mental health clinician, as well as a full time qualified health teacher, who also serves as the physical education teacher. All, approx.450 students are required to complete the health education course at the school. According to the OOSE the following curriculum is offered as part of the required high school health education program: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention - where the s tudents comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention. Access to and Evaluation of Health Information - where the s tudents demonstrate the ability to access and evaluate health information, products, and services. Self-Management Skills - where the students demonstrate the ability to apply self-management skills to enhance personal health and safety. Analyzing Influences - where the s tudents demonstrate the ability to analyze the influence of family, culture, media, and technology on health and health behaviors. Interpersonal Communication - where the s tudents demonstrate the ability to utilize interpersonal communication skills to enhance and protect health. Decision-Making and Goal Setting - where s tudents demonstrate the ability to implement decision-making and goal-setting skills to enhance health. Also apart of their Wellness and Fitness program is the incorporation of the "Brainfood" program. Brainfood builds life skills and promotes healthy living to provide high school aged youth the opportunity to learn about cooking, nutrition, and community

Legally Blonde Review essays

Legally Blonde Review essays Legally Blonde is full of a range of fantastic actors including: Reese Witherspoon, Luke Wilson, Selma Blair, Mathew Davis and Victor Garber. It is based around the book by Amanda Brown. Legally Blonde is about Elle Woods who is the stereotypical blonde bimbo, who is president of her sorority house Delta Nu. With her pink fluffy pen and her pet Chihuahua Bruiser she is sure to turn heads. However Elles perfect world is turned upside down when her ambitious wealthy boyfriend, Warner Huntington, the 3rd, dumps her for being too blonde. Elle, who is torn by this, decides to take action and become exactly what Warner wants a serious Harvard Law Student! The beginning of the movie cleverly introduces Elle by using big close ups of Elles main features. It also gives the audience an impression of the sort of things she is interested in, this is shown through swapping from shots of Elle to shots of the other girls in her sorority passing a card for Elle around whilst also being involved in different activities showing the audience the sort of person Elle is. This also conveys their feelings towards Elle. The opening shot is also used to set the tone of the world the movie is supposed to be in. As well as introducing Elle this scene also starts the plot. From this Elle is set to have dinner with Warner and given the false impression that he wants to propose. This film also has excellent camera work. When Elle and Warner are having dinner the camera only shows the face of which ever one of them is speaking, and as the conversation becomes more intense the camera begins to slowly zoom in on each of their facial expressions until the tensi on breaks and the camera is left at a close up shot of Elles facial expression, which displays her disappointment. This is not only a breaking point in the movie but gives the audience an excellent view of both Elles and Warners emotions. Another similar example o...

Managing risk through a global capital strategy. Financial situations Research Paper

Managing risk through a global capital strategy. Financial situations of hospitals (especially in US) - Research Paper Example Back in 1958 in the Economic Review Modigliani and Miller proposed two very different optimal capital structures and since then there has been much debate going on as to what exactly is an optimal capital structure. Their first proposition concludes that in economic equilibrium conditions and perfect capital markets on which there is no tax liability, a firm is independent of an optimal capital structure to maximize its value. Five years after that, in 1963, they propose a different theory stating that introduction of corporate taxes provides a tax shield for debt that can escort a firm that is financed with 100% of debt. This props further questions like; aren’t firms wasting tons of money in tax payment to underuse debts (assumptions are; bankruptcy costs moderately) or other factors can take part in diminishing debt’s tax advantage? One such factor is the personal-corporate tax interaction where slightly different treatment of equity and debt (at personal level) that lessens the observed debt value. Corporate tax advantage is fractionally balanced by personal tax disadvantage by paying interest payments (Miller, 1977). The good thing is it confirms to both Miller and Modigliani. If there are no tax disadvantages then debt level returns back to the levels defined back in 1963. On the other side, advantages of debt get terminated by terminating personal equity tax. Personal income tax rate becomes equal to marginal corporate rate while suffering losses at corporate level. Probably in the long run, a capital structure under these forces may not be of much help in explaining the phenomenon of optimism but when tax code and variations are considered, business risks help explain the short term optimal capital structure of a firm. The capital structures constructed by health care providers have both negative and positive effects on the hospital business and success of organization. These capital structures built by combinations of debt and equity are now relatively modified as compared to previous decades’. In the aftermath of financial crisis of 2007-2008, the volatile situation of stock market, interest rate indexes, innovations in financial products especially in OTC markets for bonds and derivatives and changing dimensions of credit markets present a new challenge for providers. Specification of thesis – main point   What is an optimal capital structure and what are the ways to determine an optimal capital structure of a firm? And how risk can be managed through a global capital structure? Risk is present all the time, in capital markets, which affects the capital structure of firms. So instead of avoiding it, a better strategy is to have well managed capital strategy in place. c) Three supporting opinions/reasons   1. Enterprise Risk Management Balance sheet risk management will always remain most important in overall financial risk management. A well established and well operated risk management for treas ury practices is the major force in mitigating the financial stress of a balance sheet risk. Hospitals and health care facilities have different profiles and risk/return objectives with different market share and risk exposures, therefore there isn’t a standard capital structure that fits all. Every hospital and health care facility will need to have their custom made. One move that definitely fits almost all health care providers is to have a global capital strategy. A strong liquidity packed with position low forward capital needs would probably call for floating rate debt and appropriate interest rate

Assignment two Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Two - Assignment Example The Salem village from which the witchcraft was mostly practiced happened to be causing a lot of problems to the colonists. The village was in constant rebellion with the colonists (Yarema 53). There were various political, economic and religious reasons why European groups migrated to America. Some wanted to expand their territories. Some migrated to America seeking for religious freedom while others migrated into America in search of raw materials and markets for their companies (McCullough 112). Many visitors took advantage of the fact that many natives were not united and this made their colonization process easier. Indentured servants were people who agreed to work with no pay for other people. This agreement would be entered to incase the person owed a debt to another person. The person in debt would agree to work for the other individual for a period of time in order to settle the debt. However, indentured servants had basic civil rights and were considered to be free by the law. Slaves on the hand had no basic rights and were considered to be personal property of their owners (Tomek