Early Interventions Parents Of Preterm Infants - 1742 Words

Introduction A preterm infant can be defined as an infant who is born before 37 weeks gestation. Babies who are born premature have a high risk for many health and developmental problems as infants and, furthermore, as they develop into adults. These health and developmental problems can include brain defects, recurrent illnesses, short attention span, sensory impairments, poor motor coordination, delays in language, and emotional and behavior problems. Since preterm infants are fragile and minuscule, parents of preterm infants tend to be more distant when caring for their child. Preterm infants are less likely to be held close, touched, or talked to by their parents compared to full-term infants (Berk, 2013). This paper focuses on†¦show more content†¦Skin-to-Skin (Kangaroo) Care Through research, skin-to-skin (kangaroo) care has been shown to be one of the most affective early interventions used by parents. It has been stated that kangaroo care helps to regulate preterm in fants body temperatures, improve preterm infants breathing patterns and blood oxygen levels, and increase the rate at which preterm infants gain weight. Kangaroo care has been known to diminish apnea, slow heart rates, and hospital stays for preterm babies. Kangaroo care intervention includes rhythmic, sensory, and tactile elements. These elements help preterm infants attention span, development of both motor and mental skills, and cognitive development. When a mother participates in kangaroo care, the preterm infant is placed in between her breasts and when a father participates in this type of intervention, the preterm infant is placed next to his chest. Mothers who participate in kangaroo care state they have more positive emotions toward their baby and they have a better feel of their parenting role (Feldman, Eidelman, Sirota, Weller, 2002). According to Feldman et al. (2002), there are more positive interactions between mothers and preterm infants who participate in kangaro o care than there are between mothers and preterm infants who do not participate in the intervention. There are also more positive interactions between mothers and preterm infants who participate in

Case Study on Drug Testing in Nigeria Essay - 2084 Words

Drug Testing in Nigeria Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 3-4 Ethical Dilemma 4-5 Situational Analysis 5-6 Stakeholder Analysis 6-7 Analysis Based on Ethical Theories 7-8 Conclusion and Recommendations 8-9 References 10 Drug Testing in Nigeria Introduction ‘What if a drug company experimenting on critically ill children does not get the proper Parental consent, 11 of those children die and a whistleblower is fired?’ (Perlroth. 2008) This paper will discuss the issues caused by the actions taken by Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company. First, we will discuss the ethical dilemmas caused by the testing and identify the factors related to individuals involved; companies and managerial practices and policies, as well as†¦show more content†¦In addition, there was the pressure to finish testing and get FDA approval. On the other hand, the children and people of Kano needed medical aid more than anything but only a few were receiving it, in the form of Intramuscular antibiotics that were difficult to administer. Trovan promised a quick cure with a bottle of pills (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 11). According to one drug researcher, it ‘was kind of a desperate time for Nigeria, they were happy to have anyone come in and do just about any kind of work’ (Stephens, 1996/7). Pfizer had already tested a combination of oral and intravenous Trovan successfully on two strains of bacteria known to cause meningitis. Scientific research strongly suggests that Trovan would be effective against the Nigerian bacteria (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 10). Another ethical dilemma could be conducting medical experiments without the consent of the Families as well as exploiting of a developing country. Situational Analysis Several factors helped to create the ethical dilemmas addressed above. Pfizer pharmaceutical company has an estimated market value of Troval once the FDA approves all its uses. Upon approval, it would be worth $1 billion. It was also critical for pharmaceutical companies to have an uninterrupted flow of new drug discoveries, as it was essential for growth and profitability (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 3). According to scientist, overseasShow MoreRelatedPfizer s Drug Testing Strategy1275 Words   |  6 Pagesreading Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria in Chapter 4 of International Business (Hill, 2011), in 2006 it was determined that the world’s largest pharmaceutical company, Pfizer Inc, violated an international law by Nigerian officials. This is law made it illegal for unapproved drugs to be tested on human beings. The crime took place in 1996 when a test drug, Trovan, was given to nearly 100 children suffering from a deadly strain of meningitis. Five of the chi ldren given the drug died while 6Read MoreAids : Hiv And Aids1144 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA Introduction The first case of HIV was reported in 1981 and since then, it has spread rapidly turning into a pandemic (WHO 2014). Thirty-five million people currently live with HIV worldwide and 2.1 million deaths were recorded in 2013 (WHO 2014). HIV in the WHO African region is the highest in the world as the continent bears 70% of the disease burden (WHO AFRO 2013). In 2013, 24 million people in Africa were reported to be living with HIV. One of the high burden countries inRead MoreHiv in Nigeria2247 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria The first two HIV cases in Nigeria were identified in 1985 and were reported at an international AIDS conference in 19866. In 1987 the Nigerian health sector established the National AIDS Advisory Committee, which was shortly followed by the establishment of the National Expert Advisory Committee on AIDS (NEACA). At first the Nigerian government was slow to respond to the increasing rates of HIV transmission7 and it was only in 1991 that the Federal MinistryRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Completely Preventable Disease Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesNigeria has one of the most prominent HIV/AIDS population in the world. While HIV/AIDS is a completely preventable disease, one would expect a considerable decrease in the amount of new cases each year. Each year Nigeria sees a total of 250,000 new cases and currently there are 3.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS. Sixty-three percent of those people aged 0-24 and the prevalence rates for young women are higher than those for men. HIV/AIDS impacts the physical body as well as emotional stabilityRead MoreEbola Is A Very Harmful Disease1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily. Ebola was discovered in Yambuku, Sudan in 1976. There have been 1,001 deaths from Ebola since 1995. Many small outbreaks have happened since then, but there are no current cases now. A lot of the cases where from people travelling to places that have had Ebola outbreaks. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, U.S., Mali, and the United Kingdom have all been affected by Ebola. Now here is a commonly asked question, how patients should be taken care of? What happens inRead MoreThe Spread Of Hiv / Aids2482 Words   |  10 Pagesmost areas of Africa, but it is especially severe is Nigeria. As of 2013, there are 3.2 million people living with HIV in this country, which has also led to approximately 210,000 AIDS related deaths (HIV, p. 1). There are many aspects contributing to the reason that HIV/AIDS is so prominent in this area of Africa, but there are also several steps being taken to slow the spread and ultimately contain this virus. The Spreading of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria Religious Norms HIV and AIDS can be spread in multipleRead MoreDifferent Definitions Of Key Terms1220 Words   |  5 Pages0 Introduction This chapter focuses on what other scholars have written about risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction in various parts of the World. The chapter is structured in accordance with the objectives of the study, that is, to assess the social-economic risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction, to assess the environmental risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction and to suggest possible ways/measuresRead MoreAssessing Patient Satisfaction With The Services Accessed Under The National Health Insurance Scheme At Fmc Keffi Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesMETHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study to assess patient satisfaction with the services accessed under the national health insurance scheme at FMC-Keffi. 3.2 Description of Study Area: FMC-Keffi is a government hospital, located in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria and it is one of the foremost hospitals in Nigeria. FMC-Keffi came into existence in July 2000, following the takeover of the former General Hospital Keffi by the Federal Government. The centre was establishedRead MoreChildhood Immunization Against 16 Pathogens1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbe found in small traceable amounts. Vaccines undergo rigorous safety testing prior to being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are continually  monitored for safety. According to Dr. Paul Offit, MD, children are exposed to more bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other harmful substances in one day of normal activity than are found in vaccines (Heyworth, 2014). The FDA requires up to 10 years or more of testing for safety of all vaccines and their ingredients before they are licensedRead MoreQuality Control Tests on Soaps4296 Words   |  18 Pagesthe theme: â€Å"Shea nut industry in Nigeria: exploiting its potentials for economic growth and development â€Å". I commend the management of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) for organizing this seminar which provides a forum for the various stakeholders to engage in discussions towards exploiting the potentials of Shea nut industry for economic growth. The theme of the conference is also timely considering the efforts being made by various sectors in order to rescue Nigeria from the impact of the global financial

Review Of Nights On The Weekend - 1639 Words

nights on the weekend. These short sessions lasted roughly an hour to two and a half hours and took place during times when The Bar was very busy. These short periods of observation acted as snapshots and were important for gauging the perceived demographics of The Bar’s customers as well as aiding in determining trends in times when the activity at The Bar peaked or decreased. Analysis Reviews As noted above, the number of printed materials from official media sources that contain information on The Bar are negligible. While The Bar is mentioned in travel guides geared towards gay tourists, there is generally only one short sentence to describe the business. The language is extremely sterile and outside of the address there is no†¦show more content†¦The official website for The Bar has a sleek, modern, design. In comparison to the official websites for similar businesses in the area, The Bar’s website is cleanly organized and easy to navigate. The Bar’s website lacks the advertisements that clutter the other businesses’ websites. The websites brightly colored and there is a large emphasis on the visual experience both while interacting with the website and in The Bar’s design. The largest portion of the website is photographs. These photographs are of the interior and exterior of The Bar, as well as The Bar’s management team. S everal of the photos display text when you click on them and the photos of the employees contain hyperlinks to the team member’s contact information. Outside of a handful of well-placed quotes dealing with progress and looking to the future, he wording of the text on the website is minimal and to the point. The tone of the text on the website is positive and in-line with The Bar’s focus on looking to the future rather than the past and being optimistic about progress. There is not a section on the website for customer reviews or testimonials, and the â€Å"photo gallery† section of the website is currently empty. While The Bar is listed as a gay bar on search and discovery websites as well as in the text in the â€Å"tab† of the web browser window, The Bar’s website gives no other indication that the business is intended for the LGBT community. This is different than the

Mighty Morphin’ Power Rangers free essay sample

Battling invisible aliens, waging war against evil, saving all of mankind while running around in the back yard; we were known as the Mighty Morphin’ Power Rangers. The friendship carried by the group of Power Rangers came into my life through the television set and moved beyond to the play world. It integrated every relationship I have had with my siblings, aunt, and uncle. The values put forth in this seemingly trivial program resonated through out my childhood and have stayed with me ever since. As the Power Rangers battled evil, my family also battled our own personal struggles. The villain was cancer and the battle was my uncle’s death. Growing up was hard. My family struggled to adapt to American culture and had financial issues after emigrating from Vietnam. My parents went to work at the crack of dawn and came home sometimes past nine; I would be fortunate to see them at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Mighty Morphin’ Power Rangers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was not a privileged child with brand new clothes, shoes, or toys. We valued something else, something intangible. We valued the idea of family, friendship, and community. The idea of team work and friendship among the Mighty Morphin’ Power Rangers influenced my life at a young age. Each episode consisted of a variety of cheesy lines and ridiculous-looking villains, but the episodes also espoused the importance of friendship. The multicolored heroes were able to defeat anything in their path with the help of their friends. The significance of friendship and the notion of family carried on even after my obsession with Power Ranger waned; it inspired a new way of thinking. The Power Rangers made it look easy to defeat monsters and villains, but for my uncle it was not so simple. My uncle was only 24, yet, his medical history included depression, Osteosarcoma, with his right leg amputated below the knee, and acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. He spent two years going in and out of the hospital battling the malicious spread of cancer. Finally, the doctors said they had done their best, and with that my uncle was instructed to go home to try to live comfortably. Days passed, weeks descended, and hope rekindled. Until one night, the continuance of the evil cancer struck again and finally my uncle was defeated. After he had fought the seemingly endless symptoms of his illness, my uncle’s death devastated my family. Because of her grief, my mother went into a state of depression. Everything, even the simplest things, would remind her of her brother. Buying chocolate would then turn into a tsunami of tears inside of Wal-Mart; he loved chocolate. Unlike any other Power Ranger play, this battle seems to never end. But the values embedded in each of the Power Ranger episodes taught me that I can not fight big battles with out the support of my family and friends. The monstrous evil cancer stripped my uncle away from us, but the idea of family and friendship held us together. While my mother struggled to adjust to her brother’s death, my family and I struggled to find ourselves without the full mental state of my mother. Though we could not destroy my mother’s depression like any regular villain, we stayed close together in order to conquer all of the family enemies. After many years, even without the bright colored uniforms, my family and I are yet again the Power Rangers saving the world against evil. Each of us has our own duty. My time is spent tutoring, teaching, being a motherly figure for my younger brother and doing everything I can to help my mother and the family. After three years, we are still adjusting to my uncle’s death. I am now the role model to my brother that my uncle was to me. I am my mother’s support and my family’s friend.