Emerging technologies- Nanotechnology Research Paper

Emerging technologies- Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example At the same time, technology was coming up with the ability to create simple structures at a molecular level. As the concept of nanotechnology became more acceptable, the word’s meaning shifted to include the much simpler nano-meter scale kinds of technology. Richard Feynman envisioned the theoretical capability of nanotechnology in the 1950s, when he talked about building billions of tiny factories that manufactured simultaneously by maneuvering objects atom by atom. Based on this vision, advanced nanotechnology aims to use mechanochemistry via guidance using molecular systems of machines. Shortly after molecular machinery as envisioned comes into play, it is expected that a manufacturing revolution will ensue. What need does nanotechnology address? The quality of all man-made products is dependent on the atomic arrangement of the product’s components. The cost of these products is also dependent on the process used to produce them, and ease of getting molecules and at oms to link up as we want them (Wilson, 2010). The energy used to create products, and the pollution it emits is also dependent upon the methods used to place, as well as connects the molecules to give out the desired product. Nanotechnology’s goal is to improve the amount of control, over the building process of products, to ensure they are of high quality and do not cause destructive environmental impact. Nanotechnology is one of the world’s hope for the solution to dirty and crude technologies that harm the earth’s biosphere. This technology has been identified as vital in addressing renewable and clean energy, global clean water supply and health improvement, preserving and healing the environment, availing information to all, and enabling the development of space. How does it improve upon existing designs? Nanotechnology can be used to improve on existing designs by allowing for the increased control over matter’s structure, which has been a primary project for mankind since early man. Nanotechnology, in today’s world, is helping to improve many industrial and technological sectors such as transportation, food safety, security, medicine, environmental science, energy and information technology. Most of its benefits are dependent on the ability to tailor essential material structures at the nano-scale in order to achieve particular properties (Einsiedel, 2009). This extends material science’s well-used tools and techniques, via which nanotechnology can be used to make materials better. This could be making materials better conductors of electricity, more sieve-like, more reactive, more durable, lighter or stronger. Already in existence are over eight hundred everyday products sold commercially that are reliant on nanotechnology and its integrated processes. Nano-scale polymer additives can simultaneously make them resilient, durable, stiff and lightweight such as in baseball bats. Nano-scale additives in or on fabr ics can make them wrinkle, stain, and bacterial growth resistant, as well as providing ballistic energy deflections on body armor (Einsiedel, 2009). What technologies does it build upon and/or rely on? Nanotechnology is built upon quantum science and its technology. The quantum size effect describes electron property physics in solids undergoing a great reduction in the size of its particles. This effect comes into play when the nanometer range of size is reached affecting the magnetic, electrical and optical behavior of these materials

A Retail Strategy Used By Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Retail Strategy Used By Apple Inc - Essay Example The researcher states that the developing force of retail rivalry because of the rise of new contenders, arrangements, and innovations, and moves in client needs is constraining retailers to give more consideration regarding long-haul vital plans. As the retail administration choice making procedure demonstrates, a retailing technique is an extension between understanding the world retailing that is, the dissection of the retail environment, the strategic stock administration, and store operations embraced to execute the retail methodology. The retail procedure gives the course retailers need to strategize successfully with their market environment, clients, and contenders. The last component of a retail strategy is the retailer's methodology to build a feasible competitive edge and this is one of the core competencies of Apple. Any business action that a retailer takes part in can be the premise for preference; however, a few favorable circumstances are practiced over a long period, though contenders can copy others practically quickly. Making leeway implies that the retailer, essentially, develops a boundary around its position in a retail showcase. At the point when the boundary is wide, it will be hard for contenders outside the divider to enter the business sector and seek the retailers target clients and a decent case is Apple Inc's retail procedure. Over the previous years, Apple stores have ended up much more enthusiastic, from an area inside the Louver in Paris into one spotted under a 40-foot-high glass barrel in Shanghai. Working for an Apple store can be an aggressive process typically needing no less than two rounds of interviews. Candidates are addressed about their initiative and critical thinking aptitudes, and additionally their eagerness for Apple items as supported by a few presents and previous Apple store representatives. While most retailers need to search out staff, retail masters say numerous Apple stores are overflowing with candidates. Once employed, employees are prepared broadly and are taken to classes that apply Apple standards of client services.

Globalisation & process Essay Example for Free

Globalisation process Essay Globalisation is the process by which people,knowledge,goods,ideas,money move with increased interconnections among the populations of the world. The international relations and world politics evident in the last half of the of the twentieth century were strongly informed by a global factor known as the cold war. This period coincided with the decolonization of Asia and Africa. The cold war also coincided with the collapse of the socialist movement as it was facing a lot of problems. Its in this period that globalisation reached unprecedented dimension whereby there was the globalization of production,scientific knowledge,technological advances,information,finance and due to this the worlds market economies really started picking up. The falling of the socialist movementment brought about increased openness and thus there was a change of focus from maintaining the balance of power betweeen the east and the west ;to a more global approach style of management . The establishment of an international market economy was marked by unanticipated changes in global affairs that promised to bring another side between states and markets. This was evidenced by the breaking of international barriers whereby trade was boosted in the sense that many companies began to pursue global strategies that would make them to have competitive advantage. However,some of the industries in the world did benefit more from globalisation than others. This was also seen in some countries having comparative advantages over others in certain industries. Trade in goods was accompanied by substantial trade in asssets. Through globalisation, there was large production of goods and services as there was a ready market for them. Innovations in inventory control and better accurate routing made it cheaper for countries to bring locally manufactured goods and services onto the world market. These goods would move between national markets with ease as trade barriers became lowered. This made our economies grow due to the international interactions. The ongoing revolution in computing and communication that started in the second half of the twentieth century did greatly enhance connections between nations. For instance, the speed at which capital could cross national borders became higher and thus these funds could be taken and put to the most profitable uses. All this was brought about by the lowering of the costs of transacting and sharing information,technology (Stiglitz 42). More to that this ,this internationalisation of the information services did contribute much in the exchange of information and technology thus reducing market frictions and this inturn led to the expansion of the world markets as well as the transmission of popular culture. Having looked at the above,its clear that globalisation is inevitable and its being driven by the reduction in the costs of transportation and communication and economic liberization. It has made the world to be interconnected and integrated through improvements in technology,transportation and comunication. All these developments have let to large economic gains,reduced povery,improved living conditions . References Stiglitz, J. (2003). International economy. New york:Ny Capstone publishing

Acoustic Cryptanalysis of RSA and Its Counter Measure

Acoustic Cryptanalysis of RSA and Its Counter Measure Prof. J P Agrawal Saurabh Sharma Siddharth Gupta ABSTRACT Acoustics has come up as a new vulnerability in the field of information security. The RSA encryption algorithm, although h very hard to break mathematically, has been broken recently by using acoustics and power analysis of emanations. Acoustic Cryptanalysis is the side-channel attack which targets implementations of cryptographic algorithms. The cryptographic algorithms are quite secure at the mathematical level, but inadvertently leak secret information through signatures in power consumption, electromagnetic emanations, timing variations, and acoustical emanations. This paper presents a software based countermeasure which is based on application of specific mitigation techniques to ensure that even if there is leakage of information it would bear minimal useful information. INTRODUCTION Acoustic cryptanalysis is a form of side channel attack that aims at deriving the private key in a public key cryptography system using acoustical vibrations of a laptop. A side channel attack is basically an attack that gives attacker an additional channel of information about the system, the noise generated by computers is one such potential channel other channels include keystroke acoustic emanations, acoustic emanations from printers, power analysis via the USB port and timing attacks. Side channel attacks can only be performed on public key cryptography system because the encrypted text i.e. ciphers text depends upon the text that is encrypted. So while decryption the cipher text produces a unique acoustic spectrum which helps the attacker to extract the key. In this case we put our emphasis on a different source of computer noise i.e. vibration of electronic components like capacitors and transistors in the circuit of the CPU. These acoustic vibrations are related to the system activity since the amount of power drawn from the CPU depends upon the operation which is performed. As a study case, we will focus on the GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard), a cross-platform, open-source implementation of the OpenPGP Standard. We will demonstrate a key extraction attack that can extract 4096-bit RSA secret keys when used by GnuPG running on a laptop computer by analyzing the vibrations generated by the computer during decryption of chosen cipher texts. RELATED WORK Analysis of acoustical vibrations is relatively a newer practice commonly used in military context such as identification of vehicles through the sound signature of their engine. Similarly computer programmers monitor the functioning of their systems by listening to sound generated by mechanical components. Some of the successfully implemented experiments involving side channel attacks include : à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Electromechanical ciphers. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Keyboard acoustic emanations. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Acoustic emanations from printers. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Power analysis. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Power analysis via the USB port. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Timing attacks. THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP (A) laptop on which the decryption is being performed (B) Brà ¼elKjà ¦r 4190 microphone capsule mounted on a Brà ¼elKjà ¦r 2669 preamplifier held by a flexible arm. (C) Brà ¼elKjà ¦r 5935 microphone power supply and amplifier, (D) National Instruments MyDAQ device with a 10 kHz RC low-pass filter cascaded with a 150 kHz RC high-pass filter on its A2D input (E) laptop computer performing the attack. Here, the microphone power, amplification and some filtering are done by an integrated, battery operated Brà ¼elKjà ¦r 5935 microphone power supply. After a self-built 10 kHz RC low-pass filter cascaded with a 150 kHz RC high-pass using capacitors and resistors, A2D conversion is done by the compact, USB-operated National Instruments MyDAQ device. The MyDAQ device captures at 200 K sample/sec. The Brà ¼elKjà ¦r 5935 amplifier is limited to a frequency of 100 kHz. OBSERVING THE ACOUSTIC LEAKAGE 1. Distinguishing various CPU operations We can distinguish between various operations performed by CPU by analyzing the low bandwidth leakage of acoustical emanations. Our analysis begins by taking into account simple operations like: HLT (CPU sleep), MUL (integer multiplication), FMUL (floating-point multiplication), main memory access (forcing L1 and L2 cache misses), and REP NOP (short-term idle). We concluded that these operations exhibit a unique frequency spectrum on execution. 2. Distinguishing various code lengths These acoustical emanations can also determine the length of loop being executed. For example the leakage produced by a code executing 10000 ADD instructions in an infinite loop will have a different acoustic spectrum than a program executing 20000 ADD instructions in an infinite loop. 3. Leakage source The observed acoustical emanations are not caused by the rotation of the fan, hard seeks or audio speakers as it is verified by disabling these components. Rather it is caused by the capacitors and resistors in the power regulation circuit of the CPU. The precise source of the emanations is difficult to characterize, since it is different in every machine and it is typically located in hard to reach places. Acoustic localization is also difficult due to mechanical coupling of capacitors and resistors and because of acoustic reflections due to other components. PERFORMING THE ATTACK The attacker sends an encrypted email to the target machine. This email when received by the target machine undergoes the process of decryption so as to extract the data that has been sent. The email which is sent involves sending a chosen ciphertext, it cannot have any random data in it. The data which is sent via the email has to be a specially crafted ciphertext. Through this attack we try to get the ‘q’ i.e. one of the prime factor of the key ‘n’. Enigmail provides an integrated graphical user interface and handles e-mail encoding and user interaction; the actual cryptography is done by an external GnuPG executable. Received e-mail messages are decrypted upon the user’s request. In addition and by default, Enigmail automatically decrypts incoming e-mail messages. Thus, an attacker can send a suitably-crafted e-mail message to the victim, containing a chosen ciphertext. When this e-mail message is fetched by the target computer, the attacker observes the acoustic emanations during decryption, and obtains a bit of the secret key. The attacker then sends additional e-mail messages, until all key bits are recovered. If the messages are backdated or made to look like spam messages, they may even go unnoticed. But this doesn’t affects our attack as it will still be decrypted by the email client. Choosing the ciphertext q is a 2048 bit number q2048 q2047 q2046 q2045†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ q2 q1 GnuPG always generates RSA keys in which the most significant bit of q is set, i.e., q2048 = 1. Considering we know the first i-1 bits of q e.g. i=4 , we know q2048 q2047 q2046 =110 Now we need to find the next bit of q , which can be 0 or 1 So , we create a ciphertext with first i-1 bits equal to that of first i-1 bits of q, the next bit 0 and the remaining bits to be 1 q2048 q2047 q2046 0 111111†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11111 Recording the emmisions We use our experimental setup to record the acoustic emissions that are created during the decryption. Placing the microphone with respect to the laptop body has a large influence on the obtained signal. Laptops have cooling system for heat dissipation. It has a fan that requires large intake of air and some exhaust holes. Also, there are other holes and gaps for ports such as USB, Express Card slot, SD card reader, and Ethernet port. Any of these ports can be used as a position for the microphone. Typically, the best microphone placement is near the Ethernet port or the fan exhaust vent. We record the sound using the LABVIEW software. We compute the sliding-window Fourier transform of the trace, yielding a sequence of spectra, and then aggregate these spectra by taking the median value of each bin. (The use of median effectively rejects temporally-local outliers, such as transient spikes.) The spectrum is truncate to the frequency range of interest (determined manually). Extracting the key The most significant bit of a prime number is always 1. Using this fact we create a desired ciphertext and obtain the power frequency templates for 0 and 1. Thus, if the attacker were to have two spectrum templates describing the leakage of zero and one bits, he could classify an unknown signal by checking the similarity between it and the templates he has. Concretely, in our case a template is a vector of real numbers describing the signal power at each frequency bin. The classification is based on computing the correlation of the Fourier spectrum of the leakage with the two templates. Recall that q is chosen to be a prime such that its most significant bit is always set to one. Moreover, this information is known to an attacker. Thus, obtaining an example of a leakage of a one bit can be done by measuring the leakage resulting from the decryption of g2048;1. Obtaining an example of a leakage of a zero bit is more tricky. This is because the attacker does not know in advance the location of the first zero bit in q. However, this problem can be easily avoided. Consider any number l such that q 2048 1). Notice that the reduction of l modulo q is equivalent to computing l q and will cause the bits of the result to be random thus achieving a similar spectrum as the sound of zero bits of q at the beginning of the attack. After this we compare the data acquired with the templates of 0 and 1 and the output of the comparison gives one bit of the q. Then this attack has to repeated 2048 times to get all the bits of q. These templates are updated dynamically in the matter of 20 bits. After receiving the acoustic spectrum of every attack bit we try to match the frequencies with the ones in the predefined templates. Whenever we get a matching frequency we check it’s corresponding value for power if this value is in range according the given threshold of the template we classify the bit as 0 or 1. By repeating this same procedure to attack every bit we obtain all the 2048 bits of prime q and in turn find the key. COUNTER MEASURE Cipher text randomization : One countermeasure that is effective in stopping our attack ciphertext randomization. If we have a cipher text c, instead of decrypting c immediately what we can generate a 4096 bit random value r, compute re and then decrypt re* c and multiply the result by r^-1. Since ed = 1 mod (n) It does not stop the attacker from extracting the key but it masks the original key so that even if the attacker is able to extract the key he doesn’t has the correct key. In implementation we have used the random library of python. Using this library random.randint(range) generates a random integer which can be multiplied to the value of cipher text and it changes the acoustic spectrum of the ciphertext which masquerades the original key. Why software based countermeasures are better than hardware based countermeasures? Enforce a proper layering can seem to be an effective countermeasure. Unfortunately, such low-level physical leakage prevention, is most of the times, impractical due to the significantly bad cost vs. security tradeoff because of the following reasons : (1) Suitable manipulation at the higher levels can amplify any leakage remnants, similar to what we do in our chosen-ciphertext attack (2) Low-level mechanisms try to protect all computation, even though most of it is insensitive or does not induce easily-exploitable leakage (3) Essential performance-enhancing mechanisms produce leakage as an inevitable side effect. REFRENCES [1] M. Hanspach and J. Keller, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢In guards we trust: Security and privacy in operating systems revisited,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. 5th ASE/IEEE International Conference on Information Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust, Washington D.C., USA: IEEE, Sept 2013. [2] M. Hanspach and M.Goetz, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢On Covert acoustical mesh network in air, revisited,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Journal of Communications Vol. 8, No. 11, November 2013. [3] R. Otnes, A. Asterjadhi, P. Casari, M. Goetz, T. Husà ¸y, I. Nissen, et al., Underwater Acoustic Networking Techniques, ser. Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Springer, 2012. [4] R. Frankland, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Side channels, compromising emanations and surveillance: Current and future technologies,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Department of Mathematics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, England, Tech. Rep., Mar. 2011. [5] Daniel Genkin, Adi Shamir, Eran Tromer, RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis December 18, 2013. [6]Nikita Borisov, Ian Goldberg, and David Wagner. Intercepting mobile communications: the insecurity of 802.11 [7] H. E. Bass and Roy G. Keeton. Ultrasonic absorption in air at elevated temperatures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. [8]Taher ElGamal. A public key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 31(4):469–472, 1985. 1

Creativity in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essays

Expressing Creativity in The Color Purple  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Alice Walker's The Color Purple, many characters at some point find a way of expressing their artistic creativity. For instance, Celie makes pants, and Shug Avery and Mary Agnes sing. But what is the significance of expressing creativity? If there is a relationship between artistic expression and one's personal development, what exactly is this relationship? I wish to answer these questions by examining Celie's case in particular. The key to the first question lies in the comment Albert makes on life while sewing with Celie on the porch, "If you ast yourself why you black or a man or a woman or a bush it don't mean nothing if you don't ast why you here, period" (289-290). It is about existence, about why we are here. However, this existence is not confirmed by others' acknowledgement. Rather, it depends only on one's awareness of one's own existence. Coming to such recognition, however, is a gradual process divided into several different stages. It starts with a power of creativity within a character (in the context of this novel, primarily a female character) that is unnoticed but screams to be released. When the character, usually with the inspiration of a role model, finds a vent for her creativity, it gushes out like a fountain. The character is often surprised at the art she is capable of creating, and soon comes to admire her own creation and creativity. From here she gains confidence, and comes to realize that she is here for a divine purpose: to express a beauty that God has created. In Walker’s essay "In Search of Our mothers" Gardens, she talks about the black mothers or grandmothers who are torn by their own creativity: These grandmothers and mothe... .... In making pants, she understands and affirms her own existence, and comes close to God. Walker, through the story of Celie, describes for us a process of development. It is a search into oneself for the purpose of one's existence. The answer is that we all possess a creative power that is divine, and when we find it, recognize it, and express it, we show that we are, each of us, God, who creates beauty and loves all.    Works Cited Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. - - -. The Color Purple. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.    Other Works Consulted Bloom, Harold ed. Alice Walker (Modern Critical Views). New York: Chelsea, 1989. Dixon, Melvin. Ride Out the Wilderness: Geography and Identity in Afro-American Literature. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1987.    Creativity in Alice Walker's Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essays Expressing Creativity in The Color Purple  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Alice Walker's The Color Purple, many characters at some point find a way of expressing their artistic creativity. For instance, Celie makes pants, and Shug Avery and Mary Agnes sing. But what is the significance of expressing creativity? If there is a relationship between artistic expression and one's personal development, what exactly is this relationship? I wish to answer these questions by examining Celie's case in particular. The key to the first question lies in the comment Albert makes on life while sewing with Celie on the porch, "If you ast yourself why you black or a man or a woman or a bush it don't mean nothing if you don't ast why you here, period" (289-290). It is about existence, about why we are here. However, this existence is not confirmed by others' acknowledgement. Rather, it depends only on one's awareness of one's own existence. Coming to such recognition, however, is a gradual process divided into several different stages. It starts with a power of creativity within a character (in the context of this novel, primarily a female character) that is unnoticed but screams to be released. When the character, usually with the inspiration of a role model, finds a vent for her creativity, it gushes out like a fountain. The character is often surprised at the art she is capable of creating, and soon comes to admire her own creation and creativity. From here she gains confidence, and comes to realize that she is here for a divine purpose: to express a beauty that God has created. In Walker’s essay "In Search of Our mothers" Gardens, she talks about the black mothers or grandmothers who are torn by their own creativity: These grandmothers and mothe... .... In making pants, she understands and affirms her own existence, and comes close to God. Walker, through the story of Celie, describes for us a process of development. It is a search into oneself for the purpose of one's existence. The answer is that we all possess a creative power that is divine, and when we find it, recognize it, and express it, we show that we are, each of us, God, who creates beauty and loves all.    Works Cited Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. - - -. The Color Purple. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.    Other Works Consulted Bloom, Harold ed. Alice Walker (Modern Critical Views). New York: Chelsea, 1989. Dixon, Melvin. Ride Out the Wilderness: Geography and Identity in Afro-American Literature. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1987.   

Essays --

​For years humans and animals alike have relied on natural instincts to adapt in order to survive. The book call of the wild by Jack London centers around a dog named buck. Buck is large mixed bread who learns to use natural instincts to survive the harsh conditions during the Klondike gold rush in Alaska in 1897. The Klondike gold rush of 1897 is an example of the back to nature movement. The back to nature movement was initiated by President Roosevelt. He felt that America was too dependent on technology. The back to nature was generally an experience of survival. He felt that if people couldn’t survive in the wild, then they were becoming weak. The book emphasizes Buck’s parting from civilization and his entry into a more primitive world. Jack London tries to show the contrast between civilized life and primitive life. This contrast is prevalent throughout the novel. The story of Buck’s journeys in Klondike shows how he gradually sheds all the features that define his earlier life in human society to become a creature of the wild. Throughout Jack London’s book, ideas of Social Darwinism and the back to nature movement comes to mind because Physical strength, as well as dominance, is required in order for one to truly embrace nature and survive. ​In the book, the theme of man vs. nature is present. The Klondike gold rush of 1897 is an example of the back to nature movement. Set in the wake of the gold rush, the story shows how Americans found themselves moving up north in search of gold. They had to live their civilized setting and adjust to the harsh cold of the north where survival was only imperative. Man had to rely on basic instincts in order to survive away from civilization. For example, men like John Thornton have been a... ...re. People usually regain natural instincts in the process. He generated the idea that if humans go back to nature, they would become stronger and more self-reliant. In the wake of the gold rush, man had to venture into the bitter cold (back to nature). People like john Thornton thrived because they were able to key into their natural instincts. Jack also highlighted that over reliance on civilization makes one weak. This is shown when Hals, Charles and Mercedes die off because they were unable to use instincts to cope with the harsh situations of the wild. Because of this, buck was able to make the transition from lovable play pal to a skilled hunter. By getting in touch with his natural instinct, he was able to change his way of life and survive in the environment he found himself. Buck becomes wild and uses social Darwinism and survival of the fittest to survive. Essays -- ​For years humans and animals alike have relied on natural instincts to adapt in order to survive. The book call of the wild by Jack London centers around a dog named buck. Buck is large mixed bread who learns to use natural instincts to survive the harsh conditions during the Klondike gold rush in Alaska in 1897. The Klondike gold rush of 1897 is an example of the back to nature movement. The back to nature movement was initiated by President Roosevelt. He felt that America was too dependent on technology. The back to nature was generally an experience of survival. He felt that if people couldn’t survive in the wild, then they were becoming weak. The book emphasizes Buck’s parting from civilization and his entry into a more primitive world. Jack London tries to show the contrast between civilized life and primitive life. This contrast is prevalent throughout the novel. The story of Buck’s journeys in Klondike shows how he gradually sheds all the features that define his earlier life in human society to become a creature of the wild. Throughout Jack London’s book, ideas of Social Darwinism and the back to nature movement comes to mind because Physical strength, as well as dominance, is required in order for one to truly embrace nature and survive. ​In the book, the theme of man vs. nature is present. The Klondike gold rush of 1897 is an example of the back to nature movement. Set in the wake of the gold rush, the story shows how Americans found themselves moving up north in search of gold. They had to live their civilized setting and adjust to the harsh cold of the north where survival was only imperative. Man had to rely on basic instincts in order to survive away from civilization. For example, men like John Thornton have been a... ...re. People usually regain natural instincts in the process. He generated the idea that if humans go back to nature, they would become stronger and more self-reliant. In the wake of the gold rush, man had to venture into the bitter cold (back to nature). People like john Thornton thrived because they were able to key into their natural instincts. Jack also highlighted that over reliance on civilization makes one weak. This is shown when Hals, Charles and Mercedes die off because they were unable to use instincts to cope with the harsh situations of the wild. Because of this, buck was able to make the transition from lovable play pal to a skilled hunter. By getting in touch with his natural instinct, he was able to change his way of life and survive in the environment he found himself. Buck becomes wild and uses social Darwinism and survival of the fittest to survive.

Week disscuison

These programs cover the range of management issues from traditional MBA functional areas to the development of strategic visioning skills. Other sources of management development activities include raining vendors, consultants, and professional associations. The principal advantages of externally based programs are as follows: They expose managers to the current thinking and theory in management. They remove organizational constraints in exploring new approaches. They allow interchange of ideas among managers from different organizational backgrounds.They cost less per person than internally developed programs. The benefits of the two types of development actives per the notes from week SIS'S lecture that would affect employee performance within a management training program are as follows: Job rotation Helps employee development by perhaps providing an alternative career path Gives employees diverse skills, and increases their flexibility within the organization Higher productivity , greater creativity, and an energize work force are all possible outcomes.Team Building Improves group effectiveness Improve decision making Improves interaction with others The two effects of employee development from the scenario are increased productivity and employee retention. XX, B. B. A. , HARM â€Å"Managers' Development† Please respond to the following: Identify two to three typical roles and / or characteristics that set managers apart from rank, ND-file staff. Then, develop one or two instructional strategies to address the identified roles / characteristics within comprehensive management training.Predict two trends in management education training, and analyze their potential effects on the overall training and development field. According to text quoted directly from the course material on chapter 11 pages 411-412, the two types of characteristics that set managers apart from rank and file staff are as follows: CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS conceptual knowled ge and skills are the mental abilities required to analyze and diagnose complex situations and sake correct decisions. They are essential and common to all (or nearly all) management positions.The following requirements are most frequently cited: Planning and Decision Making Being aware Of decision-making alternatives and being skilled in their use Setting priorities Forecasting events Integrating organizational policies, procedures, and objectives Adapting to legal, social, and political environments Organizing Developing appropriate organizational structures Coordinating separate but interrelated activities Scheduling activities to reach time, efficiency, and quality goals Allocating sources to maximize return on investment.Controlling Knowing how to apply various control systems Developing control systems Developing and supporting initiatives Developing policy, procedures, and objectives INTERPERSONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Interpersonal knowledge and skills, often called â€Å"hu man† skills, refer to the ability to work with, understand, and motivate others, both individually and in groups. As Midwinter's research indicates, managers spend most Of their time interacting with others. It is primarily the managers interpersonal skills and knowledge of human behavior that determine her success in influencing others and developing information networks.Examples of knowledge and skill elements in this category include the following: Understanding individual differences Motivating subordinates Developing subordinates Building a work team and providing team leadership Managing conflict constructively Adjusting behavior to fit situational demands (behavioral flexibility) Presenting a position in a compelling fashion (persuasion) Listening effectively Showing awareness of social cues Maintaining objectivity in social situations Globalization may enable more leadership programsSome employers have global aspect in its leadership development strategies, but many or ganizations find they must remain competitive or lose out in an increasingly integrated, ruthless global marketplace. Organizations will embrace development and training to enable workforce loyalty. Organizations are taking on the challenge of employee turnover and with this, senior leadership will look for HER groups to form a strategic relationship with high quality better performing employee and embrace training and development as a source to better engagement and retention. Compensating Expatriates† Please respond to the following:Analyze the issues and considerations that impact expatriate compensation to determine the single biggest challenge in setting compensation. Provide specific examples to support your response. From the e-Activity, determine which cultural characteristics should be considered when establishing a compensation program for a U. S. Company planning to locate in the country you researched. Provide specific examples to support your response. Use the Int ernet or the Strayed Library to research a foreign country of your choice (excluding Canada), with a focus on that country cultural characteristics.Be prepared to discuss. According to the course material, expatriates are U. S. Citizens employed in U. S. Companies with work assignments outside the United States. Selection of Expatriates There is inflated cost to employers wishing to hire expatriates that can have an overall effect to their bottom line. It would be essential from a business perspective, especially considering the fact that my organization would be investing thousands of dollars On relocating an expatriate and their family temporarily. Expatriates can be screened mentally for mental competence to adapt in a foreign culture.An expatriates failed assignment in another country can be as high as $250,000. 00 and the failure rate can be high due to inability to the works family to adjust, the worker's motivation Of an international assignment, unrealistic expectation, rese ntment or lack of support from home internationals. Compensation Compensation and other forms of pay would be something that employers HER teams would have to also consider. Compensation does not only mean direct salary for work performed. Of course tax equalization systems so that income can be comparable to what pay would be in the home country.A worker relocating to a country for long term assignment of two years would want to be compensated because they will have to relearn customs, cultures in addition to being away from friends and loved ones. Workers returning to their home country with old positions and status may not be the same as their assignments in other countries. This could cause hardship for the expatriate returning back to the US. From the e-Activity the foreign country that researched was the United Kingdom. The cultural characteristics that should be considered when establishing compensation programs for a U.S many planning to locate to the UK are as follows: Cons umer Prices Consumer prices in goods and services are about 33% higher than in the united States which can cause a significant impact on an organizations bottom dollar. For example, an average basic monthly utility bill for electricity, heating, water and garbage for a two bedroom flat in the UK will be about $248. 39 USED or 148. 38 GAP, verses in the US which it would be an average of $1 61. 88 which is up 53. 52%. This is something that organizations will have to consider. Pay and Benefits Outside the united States† Please respond to the following:Analyze the differences between minimum pay regulations and retirement systems in the U. S. And the other countries discussed in this chapter to determine how these differences affects the ability of U. S. Companies to compete worldwide. Provide specific examples to support your response. Select the minimum pay and retirement practices of one of the countries discussed in Chapter 15. Then, determine the likely result if those prac tices were adopted by the U. S. Provide your rationale. Minimum Wage According to the course material chapter 1 5, page 367, France does have a minimum wage.The minimum wage applies to all salaried workers, including those working in both the public and private businesses of an industrial or commercial nature. The minimum wage applies to workers in commercial and industrial professions, agricultural professions utilizing salaried workers as defined in the Rural Code, liberal professions, home workers, domestic workers, doormen, nursery school assistants, union personnel, personnel in insurance companies and social security companies that are not public bodies, and personnel in associations or organizations governed by private law regardless Of their makeup or objectives.In 2008, the wage was set at EURO 8. 71 per hour ($LSI 2. 25, approximately). Retirement Effective August 21, 2003, the government mandated that employees must work longer before they may receive full government pens ion. The increase from 40 to 41 years will take effect by 2012. Retirees will also be prohibited from receiving their pensions while working on a part-time basis because the pension amount is set at a generous level (I. E. , 85 percent of annual earnings prior to retirement). This differs from the US North America where minimum wage laws apply to all workers employed by and employer.As far as retirement, in order to qualify for social security the age of 65 has to be reached. As disused in chapter 15, page 362, the minimum wage is 49. 50 to 52. 30 pesos depending on the geographical area which is equivalent to $3. 83 to $4. 04 per hour in the US. The likely result of such a mediocre minimum wage being implemented in the IIS during these times would be economic catastrophe, and the rebirth of another great depression. If US workers were paid only $3. 83 an hour, then every minimum wage worker would be considered in a category of extreme poverty. Food stamps, welfare, Medicaid,WICK, d epartment of public housing organizations and other forms of government public assistance would see an astronomical inflation of qualifying applicants who work full time. This will of course cause more Of a deficit in our national debt which could cause a rise in taxes. In addition, there would be a spike in crimes like robbery, larceny, fraud, and embezzlement which will require more government resources as far as law enforcement and medical personnel. Great post! You and share some of the same thoughts in regards to the two types of development activities that would affect employee performance thin a management training program.In fact, think it would be great for employee performance overall. When I think of job rotation, think of a working world of variety and high morale. I think that this method of training should be something that many employers should adopt in order to empower their workforce, and remain competitive in the business market. I agree with you that the effects o f employee development are return on investment and improved employee performance. In addition to improving employee performance it would also benefit the organization in which they worked for. XX, ABA HARM Awesome post! Ere with you when you state a distinction exists between those who have the authors ¶/ to devise, implement and control strategic and operational policies (top and middle managers) and those whose task is simply to ensure that such policies are carried out by the rank-and-file employees of an organization (first level managers/supervisors). I think that every level of management has an importance within the business market. In addition you're rational of trends in education being multimedia is dead on. I think multimedia is the new generation of training and development.. Jennifer, Another great post!I defiantly agree that the biggest challenge for expatriates having to leave their families for an extended amount of time to do an assignment in another country. Jus t to add to what you were mentioned in your post about expatriates leave causing stress and strain to their family members, I think this is especially true for the our US military. Say this because many Of our soldiers are placed into hazardous and dangerous territories and war zones such as many parts of the Middle East. You and I both researched the Europe. I picked the I-J because have always considered living there.On part includes that fact the UK is an Americanizes entry. Although the laws and culture is different, they speak English just like Americans, but with an accent. Overseas assignment in my opinion is unaided for married people of ones with close net families as it causes emotional hardships. Lisa, Great Post! I agree with you that other countries minimum pay regulations and retirement systems it will not affect the ability of U. S. Companies. Think that minimum wage will always be an issue, and it will be considered mediocre forever because it will never reach the le vel of inflation or cost of living.